Money and Morals Essay

The underlying consequences of the clash between social and market norms are multitudinous and frequently inimical to our humanity. Fundamentally, the sages of our pasts weren’t wrong when they said, â€Å"Money is the root of all evil.† Dan Ariely, an American professor of psychology and behavioral economics, claims that, â€Å"When social and market norms collide, trouble sets in.† (Ariely 68) This essay will make an attempt at proving that claim; naturally, it is not unusual that money is the chief topic of this essay. Ariely makes several claims, but doesn’t adequately describe the unpropitious effects of money. Money rules the â€Å"market world;† consequently, money and its contemporary adverse effects and affects will be analyzed in this essay. Everyone knows money propagates deceit and betrayal. It changes social relationships to a darker shade from its original bright and happy color. It generally provokes a darker human: one that cheats, l ies, and destroys lives for the betterment of their future. It ravages our being, causing monetary values and materialistic items to define our purpose. Karl Marx once noted, â€Å"Money then appears as the enemy of man and social bonds that pretend to self-substantiate.† (Porto) Clearly, one can see how money degrades character; however, the reasons are unclear. Some say greed and the desire to fulfill one’s every wish are simply too overpowering a force to oppose, and specifically those things are the motivation to acquire more money. However, only a select few can seriously have the requisite spine to risk their personal lives and even companies to do that. Maybe greed isn’t the only factor. A study conducted by Harvard and Utah Students that proposes a different answer. The study was published in Behavioral Reasoning Theory, a book by J.D Westaby, who is a professor in Columbia University with a PhD in social-organizational psychology. The students collected a myriad of undergraduate students and presented videos, images, and texts that made them think of money, such as dollar bills and expensive jewelry. Then, they showed them other things that had nothing to do with money. Some students were exposed to monetary-related pictures more than others. Then, a  comprehensive questionnaire was filled by all the students. The und ergraduates exposed to the images related to money exhibited questionable ethics. They consistently chose answers that were cut-throat, immoral, and selfish. Surprisingly, however, the students didn’t see their choices as immoral at all. They, â€Å"framed their choices as products of cost-benefit analysis.† (Porto). The study’s abstract says, â€Å"Students constantly exposed to [money] were more likely to steal numerous pages from a printer†¦ and create stands to sell products in a school without permission.† (Westaby [Study 1] 60). The student’s reactions are symbolic of the unconstructive behavior money tend to propagate when gone out of control. Although their perusal of the images and texts related to money was rather short, the outcome was apparent. It discouraged positive social interaction and encouraged a grimmer human. When money rules our lives, and when we feel very wealthy, we tend to behave adversely. Think about it this way: Pretend you are playing a game of Monopoly; however, in this game, the combination of skill, luck, and intelligence has been rendered irrelevant. Why? The monopo ly game is rigged, and you have the advantage. You’ve been given several more opportunities to move around the board. You have most of the money. You have most of the â€Å"cities† and numerous hotels. Every time you land on a â€Å"chance,† or â€Å"community chest,† you find yourself with more resources. How might this unfair advantage influence the way you thought of yourself and, more importantly, how you regard the other player(s)? This experiment was, in fact, performed by psychologist Paul Piff. Piff is a social psychologist and post-doctoral scholar in the Psychology Dept. of UCBerkley. He published an article titled, â€Å"Higher Social Class Predicts Increased Unethical Behavior.† It proved through questionnaires, quizzes, in-lab manipulations, and several other techniques, that living high in the socioeconomic ladder increases the chances dramatically and exponentially of dehumanization. It drives affluent societies to immoralities, causing them to be more insular and acrimoniously unsympathetic. It can make them more likely, as Piff shows in one of his several experiments, to deliberately and knowingly take candy from a bowl of sweets designated specifically for children. Wealthy individuals, Paul Piff claims, â€Å"Are way more likely to prioritize their own self-i nterests above the interests of other people. It makes them more likely to exhibit characteristics that we would  stereotypically associate with, say, assholes.† (McElwee)* Piff was able to gather 100 participants, and set up 50 monopoly boards. Each monopoly game had two participants, and at the flip of a coin, it was decided who would be the richer player in the rigged game of monopoly. The luckier player had several advantages: they got twice the salary, earned four hundred (instead of two hundred) when they passed â€Å"Go,† and were allowed to role two die instead of one. Piff installed hidden cameras in the rooms the players were in, and reported several intriguing things. First of all, the richer player began to show off his dominance. He moved around the board louder. It was as if the piece he was controlling symbolized his footsteps: loud, confident, and obstreperous. Moreover, they smirked disapprovingly at ever â€Å"stupid,† move the poorer player made. In contrast, they richer player made jubilant sounds – that seemed to depress the poorer players – every time they made a move. As the game progressed, so did increase of the rich player’s hubris. There was a bowl of pretzels on the side, and the rich players began to eat from the pretzels, and gave dirty looks to the poorer players when they even approached the pretzels. One player even said something along the lines of, â€Å"Don’t eat my pretzels.† The rich players started to get ruder and ruder, making comments like, â€Å"You’re going to lose big time at this game,† or â€Å"Wow, you’re so poor. I’m still going to take all your money though. *chuckle*.† One player even said, â€Å"Are you sure you even know how to play this game?† At the end of the game, Paul Piff interviewed the players. He reports that the richer players, when asked why the won the game, replied with a very intriguing, yet not surprising, answer. They attributed their inevitable victory to their skills! They ignored the fact, or maybe even forgotten, that they were put into a much more privileged and advantaged situation. Even the means by which they were chosen to be rich was ruled by luck, not skill. This game of monopoly can symbolize society. It gives us much insight into how humans essentially view advantages and opportunities they were given. As a person’s level of wealth increases, their feelings of entitlement and self-interest increase with it. Conversely, their empathy, compassion, and consideration decrease. Paul Piff says, â€Å"In surveys, wealthier individuals are more likely to moralize greed being good, and that the pursuit of self-interest is favorable and moral.† (TedxMarin)* To further understand why affluent people exhibit less altruistic behavior,  another study was lead by Daniel M. Stancato. Daniel M. Stancato, like Paul Piff, is a social psychologist and post-doctoral scholar in the Psychology Dept. of UCBerkley. He co-authored, â€Å"Social Class Predicts Increased Unethical Behavior.† This study meticulously examined whether provoking an environment where greed is regarded positively increases the unethical tendencies of the less-pri vileged enough to meet their rich counterparts. In the experiment, when the benefits of greed were emphasized, Daniel hypothesized that blue-collar individuals would be as susceptible to unethical behavior as richer individuals. If these findings were true, it would attest a revelation, that is lower-class individuals tend to act more ethically is because they hold relatively unfavorable sentiments towards greed. Conversely, rich white-collared individuals tend to act more adversely is because they hold relatively favorable sentiments towards greed. The study was, essentially, an economic game. Around 100 participants were gathered, and given â€Å"laboratory† credits. These credits, the participants were told, could be traded for real money. They were then presented with a questionnaire. The questionnaire prompted the participants to list the ways the participants viewed greed, and why. After about an hour, the participants were given the opportunity to give some of their laboratory credits to a needy stranger. The lower-class individuals (those who made $20,000 and less) gave a total of 45% more than the rich white-collared folk (those who made 150k+). Not surprisingly, the poorer individuals had negative sentiments towards greed, and the richer individuals felt more comfortable and accepted greed more easily. Later, the participants were given a different questionnaire that prompted them to list three negative outcomes of greed. They were then shown several videos of starving children. Then, they were again given the opportunity to give money to a needy stranger. The difference in lab credits given between the two groups was near negligible. This shows that, in an environment where greed is negatively promoted, one can give more. A while later, the same participants were given another questionnaire that prompted them to list three positive outcomes of greed. Afterwards, they were shown several clips of very rich people and the lives they lead. They showed them mansions, jewelry, expensive cars, and several other materialistic items that emphasized on money. They were then, again, given an opportunity to give  away some of their lab credits. This time, however, very few people gave away anything, and those who gave, gave very little. This study shows that money can seriously make individuals less generous, compassionate, and altruistic. The first part of the experiment introduced an atmosphere where greed was looked at neutrally; one was supposed to fill out their general attitude towards having a covet nature. When the individual was left to their own devices, their actions reflected upon their true nature; consequently, the poorer folk, who fully understood the egregious consequences greed has on society, gave more. The richer folk, who practically lived in an environment where taking advantage of every possession is vital to success, were a lot less giving. However, a new environment was introduced. By prompting the participants to list three negative outcomes of greed, the participants were influenced. They were manipulated into adopting a new paradigm – a paradigm where greed was bad. Consequently, their actions were reflected that new way of thinking, and caused several people to give more. This is important because the previous mentality (for the rich individuals) existed solely because they were in an environment that promoted the hoarding of resources, like money, and that blocked feelings of empathy and generosity. Again, when money rules your life, including your social (life/norms), there is a distinct negative effect on the personality. Its intrusion is very dangerous, and it is essential to keep a balance, because if one immerses their entire lives in the market (life/norm), they will give up an extremely vital part of their humanity. It is important to keep in mind I am not bashing wealthy individuals. It is a fact that several of them secede from moral values more than I would like, but it is not because they have innate egregious qualities. Another study shown, by Dacher Keltner, who has the same credentials as Paul Piff and Daniel M. Stancato, suggests otherwise. Keltner showed rich and poor individuals a 45 second video calling out for support to starving African children. One hour later, Keltner had the individuals try to help other individuals in distress, and the wealthier people exerted just as much energy as the poorer, suggesting that these differences are not categorical, but are extremely malleable to slight changes. Little nudges of compassion and empathy are all one needs. Bill Gates once said, †Å"Humanity’s greatest advances are not in its discoveries, but in how those discoveries  are applied to reduce inequity.† Bill Gates has given nearly all his money to the Bill Gates Foundation, which helps support starving children all over the world. I believe money can buy you happiness; just not when its primary purpose is: you. Self-commitment, community, family, friends; investing in others is investing in yourself, and reducing inequities will doubtless increase social mobility, economic growth, trust, and community life. The rat race we involve ourselves in allows negativity to ferment, and only the morally transcendent individuals who have discovered a much more fulfilling calling – the desire to address the needs and satiate the interests of others – have realized that even if you win the rat race, you’re only just a rat. Do you want to be a rat? If you still find my claim ambiguous, let me make it clearer. It is one of the most time-honored maxims in philosophy, clear even in Chaucer’s time. His Pardoner’s Tale is built on ‘Radix Malorum est Cupiditas’: Money is the Root of All Evil. Now, as illustrated in my essay, social science supports that. * I realize you marked things on my paper like, â€Å"I don’t understand where this source comes in. Are you quoting Ariely’s article or not?† No, I am not quoting his article; I am quoting him. Aside from being a writer, Ariely is an extremely famous speaker. Those sources are where I got the quotes from. Specifically, McElwee is an author of an article on a blog, and TedxMarin is just a Ted Talk that took place in Marin. They are in my, â€Å"Works Cited,† page in more detail. If I did anything incorrectly, I am very sorry. That was how I learned to make citations through my entire highschool and college life†¦ Works Cited Paul K. Piff, Daniel M. Stancato, Stà ©phane Cà ´tà ©, Rodolfo Mendoza-Denton, and Dacher Keltner â€Å"Higher social class predicts increased unethical behavior† New York: Farrar. 2008. Print. Porto, Eduardo. â€Å"How Money Affects Morality.† Nytimes.com. New York Times, 13 Jun 2013. Web. 13 Feb 2014. Westaby, J.D. Behavioral reasoning theory: Identifying new linkages underlying intentions and behavior. Ney York: Harper Collins, 2008. Print. Cristina Becchio, , Joshua Skewes, et al, et al, Andreas Roepstorff, and Uta Frith. â€Å"How the Brain Responds to the Destruction of Money.† Journal of  Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics. N.p.. Web. 14 Feb 2014. Piff, Pauf. â€Å"Does money make you mean?† Ted Talks. Marin County, California. Oct 2013. Lecture. Loeb, Paul Rogat . Soul Of A Citizen, Living With Conviction In Challenging Times. Los Angeles: St. Martin, 2009. Print. Ariely, D. . Predictably irrational, the hidden forces that shape our decis ions. New York: HarperCollins, 2008. Print. McElwee, Sean

Patient Confidentiality: Ethical Implications to Nursing Practice Essay

Patient confidentiality is a fundamental practice in healthcare and it is integral part of healthcare ethical standards (Purtilo & Dougherty, 2010). According to the American Nurses Association (ANA) code of ethics â€Å"the nurse has a duty to maintain confidentiality of all patient information† (Nursing world, p.6). Also, when a patient confidentiality is violated the nurse may risk their safety and welfare. There are a few exceptions to this obligation such as: an increase need to protect the patient and other parties or mandatory laws that protect public health (Nursing world, 2012). The dilemma disclosed in the article Betraying Trust or Providing Good Care? When is it okay to break confidentiality? Constitutes an ethical dilemma for the nurse caring for a teenage patient diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease as well as related cervical cancer. The nurse sooner or later has to notify the patient parents due to further treatment is needed and parental consent is re quired. The nurse also has to notify the patient’s school since it raises concern for public health issues. There are many compelling concerns presented in this article. First of all, if a patient’s confidentiality is betrayed the patient may not want to cooperate in the future with the healthcare team. The patient may decide he/she doesn’t want medical care period, so this could risk the treatment of the patient. Secondly, the nurses must show respect and dignity for the patient by honoring the patient’s privacy. Lastly, the sanctity of the nurse-patient relationship mandates maintaining confidentiality. The patient entrusts the medical professional with private and confidential information. The medical professional must be absolutely certain of the risks versus benefits when deciding to breach confidentiality (Nathanson, 2000). The decision to break confidentiality should only be made using a systematic approach that follows an ethical decision making model. The first step in this process is gathering all relevant information. Once the healthcare provider is certain that all pertinent information is evaluated they can determine the type of ethical dilemma. In this case the ethical dilemma was the choice to maintain or breach patient confidentiality. After  determining the nature of the dilemma it is important to use a theoretical framework to analyze the issue. The nurse using a utilitarianistic theory would look at all consequences of breaking confidentiality versus maintaining confidentiality. If the nurse utilizes a deontological approach the decision is made based on the nurse’s duty and responsibility to uphold patient confidentiality. The nurse would then determine what to do in the situation by looking at all the alternatives. After determining a course of action the nurse must proceed with the action that is thought to be best. In the end the nurse should evaluate the outcomes of the decision for future professional development (Purtilo & Dougherty, 2010). A nurse faced with this type of situation may seek advice from the institution’s ethics committee in order to determine the appropriate course of action. An ethics committee may be composed of clinical personnel as well as non-clinical personnel. The committee most likely has and ethical consultant available as well to guide the decision making process. The role of an ethics committee in the clinical setting is to provide support and guidance to caregivers when they are faced with an ethical problem. The committee helps to â€Å"reduce moral distress and maintain ethical practice† (Lachman, 2010, p. 1). In the previously mentioned case involving the teenage patient’s right to confidentiality the ethics committee may have taken the following approach. First the committee would determine the patient’s ability to make decisions. They would then review all clinical information and facts related to the case. All of the alternatives would be examined and then valued according to the risks and benefits for the patient. Facility policies related to patient confidentiality as well as legal implications would be referenced. In this case the committee would investigate the potential for community harm related to the situation. After determining an ethical plan of action, recommendations would be made to the physician and nurse in this case (Lachman, 2010). In the end the decision would be a collaborative effort between the nurse and physician based on the recommendations. Protecting a patient’s private health information is an ethical practice that helps to maintain the trusting relationship between patient and nurse. The professional nurse is obligated to do so not only by the professional code of ethics but also by government mandates related to Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). There are instances when the  best interests of the patient or community safety provide good cause for breaking patient confidentiality. It is important for the nurse to use an ethical decision making process either alone or in collaboration with the healthcare team to determine the appropriate course of action (Purtilo & Dougherty, 2010). References American Nurses Association Code of Ethics retrieved from Nursingworld (ANA website) available at http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/EthicsStandards/CodeofEthicsforNurses/Code-of-Ethics.pdf Lachman, V. (2010). Ethics, law, and policy. Clinical ethics committees: organizational support for ethical practice. MEDSURG Nursing, 19(6), 351-353. Nathanson, Pamela G., â€Å"Bioethics on NBC’s ER: Betraying Trust or Providing Good Care? When Is It Ok to Break Confidentiality?† (February 24, 2000) located at http://www.bioethics.net/articles.php?viewCat=7&articleId=133 Purtilo, Ruth M. & Doherty, Regina (2010). Ethical Dimensions in the Health Professions [5] (Vital Source Bookshelf). Retrieved from http://pageburstls.elsevier.com/books/978-1-4377-0896-7/id/B9781437708967000126_f5010

7 Eleven PEST Analysis

7 Eleven PEST Analysis 1 CompanyBackground (7-Eleven) 7-Eleven was founded in Dallas, Texas in 1927. It is the world's largest convenience store operator, with over 21,000 units worldwide, the largest in the United States. Independent petrol retailers. The name of the Seven Eleven began in 1946 when the store was open from 7 am to 11 pm. Today, offering customers 24 hours a day, 7 days a week services is the cornerstone of the Seven - Eleven business. 2 Customer-Friendly Elements 7-Eleven is focused on meeting customers' needs by offering fair and affordable, fresh and high-quality products and services widely, quickly conducting transactions and cleaning swiftly I'm leaving. Pest Analysis Pest analysis is used to identify external forces that affect the organization. This is a simple analysis of the organization's political, economic, social and technical environment. PEST analysis including legal and environmental factors is called PESTLE analysis. The first element of the politica l PEST analysis is the study of political factors. Political factors have various effects on organizations. Political factors can create the following benefits and opportunities. Sybil Abstract The Sybil Abstracts and Learning Guide contains comprehensive information and analysis to help you understand this book. This study guide has the following section. This detailed literature summary also includes discussion topics from Flora Rheta Schreiber and Sybil Free Quiz. Sybil is the true story of Sybil Isabel Dorsett. He developed 16 different characters in response to a very painful childhood. Sybil's story is one of the most convincing cases. The following pest analysis was created for each of the three markets. Pest analysis represents political, economic, socio-cultural and technical environment. We will use pest analysis to guide us to function based on these change categories. Furthermore, by making good use of the analysis, the company can avoid actions that have been accused of failing from the beginning for reasons that can not be managed. The following is a pest analysis to capture the markets in Dubai and London. The purpose of PEST analysis is to identify opportunities and threats in wider operational environment. Companies are trying to utilize opportunities while mitigating potential threats. Basically, PEST analysis leads to strategic decisions. The main elements of PEST analysis are as follows. Ordinarily, companies try to exploit opportunities that are consistent with internal strengths; that is, companies can match any benefits with external opportunities. If you want to take advantage of opportunities in the field of weakness, you may need to build up your abilities. A vulnerability that matches an external threat represents a vulnerability, and an enterprise may need to develop an emergency response plan

Strategic Marketing Report (Businesses chosen British Petroleum and Assignment

Strategic Marketing Report (Businesses chosen British Petroleum and General Motors) - Assignment Example It has seen many ups and downs over the years including issues of environment, government dealing, exploration sites, oil prices and such, but has remained strong, with a great market presence and brand equity. The second is General Motors. One of the heavyweights in the 20th Century automotive scene, GM saw bankruptcy in 2009 after many of its products and policies failed. With government holding and new management in place, GM is on the way to recovery. This paper analysis the strategies of these two companies, along with some suggestions that they could utilize in the near future. This paper will study the current marketing strategies of British Petroleum and General Motor. These companies are amongst the biggest players in their respective industries. However, the recent macro-economic environment has had an impact on the policies adapted by both. This paper will examine the specific marketing strategies and will give my own insight into them. General Motors Company is one of the largest automakers in the world, headquartered at Detroit, USA. GM employs around 235,000 people globally and has presence in 140 countries in various regions around the world (gm.com, 2009), with a complete brand portfolio of Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, GM Daewoo, Holden, Opel, Vauxhall and Wuling. According to company website, GM main business territory and market is the United States, then China, Brazil, the United Kingdom, Canada, Russia and Germany. GM has been through many peaks and troughs over the years but the recent taste of bankruptcy was a devastating low for the company. Having changed from General Motor Corporation to General Motor Company, GM has fortunately turned out fairly well from being in the decline phase. Whether this turnaround is successful for the company remains to be seen. There is still a need for GM to establish a culture with a more distinct and reachable vision and get the entire organization on board. The com pany still has

The Rise of Big Business in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Rise of Big Business in America - Essay Example As a means of understanding this dynamic and mutually exclusive relationship that existed between ruthless, exploitative, and unreasonably competitive business practices, the following analysis will engage the reader in helping to understand how the approaches that these industrialists engaged was represented in so many of the business decisions that they made on a nearly daily basis. Taking Andrew Carnegie as an example, it must be understood that Carnegie realized that efficiency and pushing the resources under his disposal to the ultimate maximum was one of the most effective means of attaining the desired result. Embracing the model he had learned from his earlier career at the railroad, the textbook has the following to say concerning Carnegie’s approach: â€Å"He applied to steel production the management lessons he learned from the railroad, embracing the latest technological innovations while pushing his managers relentlessly to cut costs so he could charge less than his competitors and gobble up the steel market for himself.† (Mooney 33 – emphasis provided). ... ative of the way in which Carnegie pressured his employees, it must also be understood that a relentless drive to defeat all competitors was also a hallmark of Carnegie’s approach. Says the textbook, â€Å"After failing to fix prices through informal ‘pools’, he pressed his competitors into an "alliance" under his influence that set price and production schedules and made joint shipping and purchasing arrangements† (Mooney, 36). Once again, the sheer determination and obstinacy that Carnegie approached the business world with proves that his drive for profits and demand for further efficiency would ultimately stop at nothing towards achieving this goal. In such a way, it can obviously be understood why Carnegie’s motto was, â€Å"Cut the prices; scoop the market,; run the mills full† (Cherny PAGE NUMBER). Yet, it must not be understood that Carnegie alone should stand as the gold standard of how management and industrialism took place during t his period. Perhaps the best known industrialist is that of John D. Rockefeller. Whereas Carnegie may have come across as obstinate, cut-throat, and demanding, the sheer drive and levels of manipulation that Rockefeller engendered ultimately put Carnegie to shame. One of the ways in which this was effected was with regards to the fact that Rockefeller would use strong armed tactics in order to maximize profitability and ultimately ensure a monopoly. For instance, Rockefeller engaged directly with the shippers of a specific product; ensuring that it could not reach the market in time. Such an underhanded tactic ensured that Rockefeller’s different industries could then provide the given product to the customer whereas the other supplier/producer could not. (Tarbell PAGE NUMBER). Yet, it must not be understood that

Much of Volume 1 of Jane Eyre is predominately concerned with a Essay

Much of Volume 1 of Jane Eyre is predominately concerned with a child's sense of injustice. Do you think Jane's sense of injustice is justified Illustrate your answer by using textual examples - Essay Example She is an orphan left behind homeless at the death of both her parents when her mother’s brother Reed takes her in. He adores his sister’s daughter and on his death bed makes his wife promise that she would always look after Jane. Mrs Reed agrees, however, the promise is not fulfilled in the way it was meant to be. The Reeds live at Gateshead and here is where Jane spends the first ten years of her life at. Considering the fact that she is an orphan with only the Reeds as her known, living relatives and no one else, it would be thought that she would be treated like family, in such a way that she would not feel alone with the absence of her parents. Yet this is not the case. Jane is made to feel inferior at Gateshead repeatedly, she ‘is constantly differentiated, excluded (†¦) leaves her as an outsider to the Reed family’ (Peters 20). She is not treated like a family member, in fact, even worse than that. ‘Eliza, John, and Georgiana were now clustered round their mama in the drawing-room (†¦) Me, she had dispensed from joining the group’ (Bronte 3). This may be due to the various reasons regarding her lack of social status, her father being a poor minister; a passionate personality which was not quite the thing at that time; and plain looks, quite the opposite of what the Reed children were, Georgiana in particular as she says in the book that she is ‘humbled by the consciousness of my physical inferiority to Eliza, John and Georgiana Reed’ (Bronte 3). Even the servants believe that Jane’s station in life is below theirs since she is not, in all actuality, a part of the family. She has ‘no money’ (Bronte 7) nor does she do any work to earn her keep for living there. She is often lectured on even by the servants regarding how she should behave in front of her benefactor and how, if it has not been for her generous spirit, Jane would have been sent ‘to the

The rational Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The rational - Essay Example The Internet is not only a source of learning but also a superb source of entertainment. The internet offers a wide range of recreational activities (Klapter et al, 2009:7). Considering the benefits attributed to the internet, a website to teach attributed aspects of colours has been launched. This website intends to teach the children aged 5 and 9 years. 1.1 A brief description about the website I have developed a website entitled â€Å"Learning Colours† for children. The website contains six pages and ten sub-pages. The â€Å"Home Page† introduces viewers to the Rainbow, which is essential in the learning process. I have provided my introduction in About Me page, though it has little concern with the children learning process. A Flikr video in Page 3 explains the steps essential for uploading and drawing colours on the website. On equal measure, Page 4 has multiple items that include the name and images of sixteen colour shades depicted with background music. Moreover , the fill in the blanks strategy, has been applied by providing incomplete names of colours to be filled by the children. Conversely, images have also been included in front of the specific colours for the curiosity and learning. Moreover, primary and secondary, as well as warm and cool colours have been depicted in this page. The other pages contain more colour attributive aspects such as colour mixing and rainbow colours among others. 1.2 My Teaching Methodology I intend to use my website as an additional source at the end of the class lecture, such that the children can be able to recall the activities learnt in this lecture. A website is easy to understand and beneficial for teaching in the modern era. Consequently, the depiction of images could be helpful in teaching the children about colours. This means that the children can learn about the objects and colours simultaneously through this teaching methodology (WHITTY, 2006:6). The children are required to access the relevant material through the portable tablets in advance, such that during the face –face meetings, a series of simple but interrelated questions about colours would be asked from the accessed materials. The activity relates to Piaget’s Cognitive Learning Theory, which submits to state that sequence of learning depends upon the development of cognitive abilities (SZIGETHY, WEISZ, & FINDLING, 2012). 2.0 Activities and Principles 2.1 Activities Accurate and powerful designs of the websites, according to NEILSEN (1994:7), carry profound significance in conveying the message and achieving the goals to be obtained through it. Keeping in view the same notion, I intend to introduce some alterations in the website in order to make the design schemes more attractive, powerful and resourceful. In addition, I intend to create a â€Å"learn with parents† page. This is because; it is a good indicator of children’s success when engaged by their parents. The learning process be comes easy when the parents help their children to go through the internet pages when helping them to do their assignment. (WHITTY, 2006:5). On equal measure, I intend to use the flickr group in evaluating the children’s work. In addition, the flickr group will enable the children to

Maximlianus as conscientious objector Assignment

Maximlianus as conscientious objector - Assignment Example The main change that came in society owing to the torture and killings that ensued after these protests brought in a major change in the society where people became aware of the injustice and wrong being done to others whom they ignored till then. The result was a massive awareness and movement to eradicate mention of violence in Christianity. As it is, it was pretty disgraceful to have violence become a part of Christianity even though it had to be through the conscientious efforts of Maximlianus. Therefore, we credit a major chunk of the educated and elite class shunning elements of torture and oppression to avoid recurrence of such violence in the history of Christianity to the efforts of Maximlianus.Islam and Christianity have both violent histories. What stories from Kurlansky can we find hope for a non-violent Christianity and Islam? (2 pages)Kurlansky runs a complete thesis in the context of trying to understand why and where non-violence went amiss in the glorious pasts of le ading religions of the world. Everybody understands that Christianity and Islam have had violence in their histories. But when we study the thesis brought forward by Kurlansky, we see that he has found the precise literary and scholarly articles to show why the religions could not enjoy peaceful histories. Let us begin by Buddha’s teachings of non-violence (BPF, 13). Buddhism has a non-violent history owing to the dictates of patience, love and perseverance. Kurlansky, instead of lifting ideals from the peaceful religions.

What is Philosophy Philosophical Conceptions Of Life Essay

What is Philosophy Philosophical Conceptions Of Life - Essay Example It was believed that the gods were volatile and unpredictable and thus man was at their mercy because they controlled everything. Philosophers introduced a very different line of thought, divergent from the first assumption. They are referred to as thinkers, implying that they ushered in an era where man started to come to conclusions about the issues of life through reason and observation. Philosophy has grown over the years and has been subject to religious and ethical; considerations. This is because religion and ethical standards determine how people act and philosophy tries to explain why things happen and how people act in certain ways. Philosophical history started to appear in ancient Greece in the 6th century B.C.in the city of Miletus (Russell 3). This early group of philosophers is known as the Milesian philosophers because of the city they came from.These early philosophers may have had findings that would seem odd today, such as some claims made by one of the Philosophers, Thales, that everything was made of water and everything is full of gods, but all the same, it was the gods that triggered man to shift from his earlier position and to examine other ways to explore why things happened the way they did and why man also behaved the way he did. Man started to observe life from a completely new perspective due to the influence of philosophers. Ancient Greece went on to produce some of the greatest philosophers in the western world, and this revolutionized the whole world in its way of thinking as man started to thirst for and seek wisdom (Kenny, 19). Philosophy has been referred to by some people as the love o f wisdom. Philosophy is important to man because it looks at basic issues through reason and observation, and thus enables us to choose the way to do things and also how to live with one another in harmony in any given situation and grouping. It enables man to come to conclusion about issues from a point of knowledge. Today, philosophy has developed over the years and covers mainly for different areas which are logic, epistemology, metaphysics and axiology. Logic involves the obtaining of knowledge by looking at the evidence and listening to the arguments brought forth and analyzing them philosophically (Brown). People may say what they do not mean but a philosopher can bring out the truth through philosophical reasoning. Epistemology, which is a branch of philosophy, is the ability to support what we believe with facts about it. It looks at what conditions must be satisfied so as to assert that what we say is true about something. As man makes statements about issues, epistemology is very important. Metaphysics is the study of what things exist, their nature and the reasons why they function the way they do. It also deals with examining why people behave the way they do. It examines whether it is through their free will or as a result of other factors. This is an important shift from the pre philosophy period where all was attributed to the gods and other personalities. It enables man to know his world better and even integrate better. Axiology is the study of different types of values, and these are beauty and art, social and political aspects and ethics (Brown). Political philosophy has facilitated the setting up of good political systems while ethical behavior is important as people live with one another in the world because it examines right and wrong and good and evil.

Cell Phone Radiation Effects on Humans Research Paper

Cell Phone Radiation Effects on Humans - Research Paper Example However, there are ongoing studies that are examining the issue more closely (How Cell-phone Radiation Works) Cellphones have revolutionized not only the communication process, but also the human life in different manners. A world without cellphones is unimaginable now because of the various types of utilities associated with it. Earlier cellphones were used for communication purposes alone; however current cellphones are capable of providing facilities like video/audio recording, camera, internet/email, multimedia, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) etc. In short cellphones are getting smarter and smarter and its influence on human life goes on increasing as time goes on. Amidst all the above mentioned utilities of cellphone, the concerns about the health problems generated by cellphones are also growing. Cellphones and cellphone towers can generate harmful radiations which can affect human health negatively. While sending and receiving calls cellphones produce different types of micr owave radiations which can cause health problems in future. Cancer, Brain tumor, Alzheimer’s, dementia, Parkinson’s, Autism, Fatigue, Headaches, Sleeping problems, memory malfunctions etc are some of the health problems associated with mobile phone radiations. This paper analyses the cellphone radiation effects on humans. Scientists exposed 10 female volunteers to radiation at 900 megahertz from GSM phones to simulate an hour-long phone call. They screened 580 different proteins in their skin cells and found that the numbers of two proteins were altered in all of the volunteers: one protein increased by 89 percent, the other decreased by 32 percent. This study shows that even without heating, molecular level changes take place in response to exposure to cell phone frequency electromagnetic radiation (How cellphone radiations can Affect Your Cells?) Radiations are energy forms which has both particle and wave nature. It occurs naturally from isotopes of some elements an d also it can reach the earth from sun or outer universe. Radiations can be generated from some manmade activities also. Nuclear power generators, mobile phones etc are some of the manmade radiation sources. Radiations are of different types; however electromagnetic radiations seem to be the most prominent one. Electromagnetic radiations are of two types; ionizing and non-ionizing. Ionizing radiations like gamma rays and X- rays have the ability to alter chemical reactions inside the body. Non-ionizing radiation such as visible light may not cause many problems to human health even though it can produce some heating effects. Cellphones are producing ionizing radiations in plenty and therefore the chances of a mobile users getting affected by these radiations are immense. â€Å"At high levels, radio-frequency energy can rapidly heat biological tissue and cause damage such as burns, according to a recent report from the U.S. General Accounting Office† (How Cell-phone Radiation Works). Cellphones cannot transmit or receive the ordinary low frequency sound waves. Sound waves need to be superimposed with high frequency electromagnetic carrier waves in order to send it to long distances. A process of modulation and demodulation is taking place inside the cellphones in order to send and receive audible sound waves. Modulation is the process of superimposition of sound waves with electromagnetic carrier waves whereas demodulation is the process of isolation of sound waves and carrier waves from the modulated radio frequency waves. â€Å"Modulated information-carrying radio waves resonate in biological frequencies of a few to a few hundred cycles per second, and can stimulate your cellular receptors causing a whole

European History 1914-to present Essay Example for Free

European History 1914-to present Essay The period that immediately followed the First World War was marked by the autocratic regimes in Austria, Germany and Russia being replaced by republics as they were overthrown. There seemed to be a promise of an era of democracy as the seven states that had all been newly created adopted the republican form of government giving the impression that democracy had finally been found after the First World War. However, this did not last as after only two decades, a form of dictatorship took over most of the democratic European countries. While some countries became communists, others took to fascism which resulted to totalitarian form of government (Gardner, Kleiner Mamiya, 2005). In totalitarianism individuals had absolutely no freedom in their life as all political, intellectual, social, cultural, economic and even religious and spiritual activities were subordinated to the authority of the rulers and the government. This form of rule was characterized by the rulers of the government as a central power controlling all the aspects of the citizens lives through force and repression such that those who held views that were different from the ideologies of the rulers and had different practices in the mentioned aspects of their lives were considered to be against the state hence enemies. Totalitarianism was manifested through mass-media that was state controlled, one party state in which the party controlled everything that went on in the state, mass surveillance accompanied with state terrorism and restricted free discussion or criticism especially of the governmental ideologies. In European countries such as such as Russia under Stalin and Germany under Hitler, totalitarianism and the practices of the government received overwhelming support from the citizens (Gardner, Kleiner Mamiya, 2005). The support was however not spontaneous, it required the rulers to be charismatic so that he would be able to draw support. The rapid development in infrastructure especially communication and transportation played a great role in the rise and spread of the totalitarianism and growth of its popularity amongst the citizens in the countries in which it was practised. This paper seeks to discuss totalitarianism and the reasons for its rise in Europe in the early 20th century. Totalitarianism is characterized by the state pursuing some goal that is special such as conquest of a certain region, exclusion of all others who hold different ideologies from those ones of the state or industrialization. All resources of the state usually are directed and focussed on achievement of these goals regardless of their cost. Anything that furthers the attainment of the goal is fully supported while the things that threaten to foil this achievement are rejected. It is a form of obsession that triggers an ideology that explains and describes things in terms of the intended goal, justifying all obstacles that could arise and all the forces that may struggle against the state in achieving the desired goal (Gardner, Kleiner Mamiya, 2005). This results to the state getting popular support from the citizens which gives it the power to practice any form of governmental actions. Anyone opposing the goals or ideologies of the state is considered evil and political differences within the state not allowed. Achievement of the goal is never acknowledged even in the event the state actually gets to achieve it. This is because totalitarianism is entirely founded on the ideology of achieving the goal such that in the event the goal is achieved then it should cease to exist. The pursuit of specific goals by different leaders for the states they ruled is considered to be the main reason for the rise of totalitarianism in Europe. As mentioned earlier, fascism was one of the main reasons for totalitarianism. This ideology was common in Germany and Italy. It originated with Mussolini Benito in his rule over the country. This ideology in which the proponents advocated for the creation of a single party state was a reaction against equality, liberty and fraternity that were being proposed by democratic nations such as France and Britain after they won the war. Fascists argued that nations and races usually are in a conflict in which only the strongest and the healthiest survive. Apart from being healthy the strongest also survive by asserting themselves against the weak through repression and in combat (Griffiths 2005). These governments prohibited and suppressed opposition and any form of criticism to the government. In Germany, races that were not German such as the Jews, Slavs and individuals who were either sick or disabled were targeted for execution as Hitler’s government sought to have a nation of pure healthy Germans. Fascism claimed that a nation was the race and hence sought to execute everyone who was not of the race of the rulers (Griffiths 2005). Fascism is also characterized by respect and love for collective organization in which individuals work together to achieve a certain goals and ideology. This formed totalitarianism in Italy and Germany. In which the citizens were organized against other individuals of other races that were considered a threat to achieving a nation that was formed of one superior race. Nazism was movement mostly in Germany which was is also referred to as National Socialism. This movement sought to spread the ideologies of Adolf Hitler’s government in Germany and the world as a whole. Nazism is argued to be a form of fascism as its characteristics are the same as those ones of fascism as it featured racism, expansion and obedience/loyalty to one leader. Hitler expected everyone to be loyal to him and executed anyone who defiled his orders. Nazism also had theories about other races which portrayed them as inferior to German Aryans and a threat to its existence hence the necessity to get rid of them. This led to the massive execution of the Jews and the disabled Germans as they were considered unfit for survival according to fascism. This ideology is therefore one of the reasons for the rise of totalitarianism in Germany and most of its neighbouring nations (Klaus Vondung 2005). Bolshevism-Stalinism was the reason for the rise of totalitarianism in Russia. Bolshevism was a movement formed by professionals who believed in military control over the country and democratic centralism such the party (Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party) took form of internal hierarchy in which individuals from other groups were not allowed to lead the party. Only these members made decisions and any party that was formed to challenge Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party it was purged (Worley, Morgan Laporte 2002). This movement greatly supported single party state and is believed to have caused the rise of Stalinism. Stalinism refers to the form of government used by Joseph Stalin and those who were allied to his ideologies (Worley, Morgan Laporte 2002). This ideology is sometimes referred to as red fascism as it is a form of fascism. Stalinism refers to a form of governance that is characterized by oppression of the citizens and extensive spying by the government so that individuals can not criticize or form movements to overthrow it. This system was also characterized by purging in which those who were opposed to the government ideologies were sent to prison camps or sometimes killed. The state used propaganda and established some form of cult around a leader who was a dictator so that he would have absolute control over the communist party and maintain control over all the citizens of Russia. Apart from the mentioned countries, Austria also participated in the rise of totalitarianism by supporting Nazism and Fascism. Its Prime Minister Kurt Waldheim is said to have assisted Germany in transporting Jews to dearth camps. Several other Eastern and Central European countries also got obsessed with the fascist movement (Klaus Vondung 2005). This included Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Slovakia, Lithuania and Croatia. The fascist movements in these countries were all characterized racism specifically against the Jews whom they associated with communism which they greatly despised. Spain is the only country which though fascist never got obsessed with race and believing in the ant-Jewish conspiracies that characteristic of German’s Nazism. The rise of totalitarianism in Europe during the early 20th century was mainly due to fascism. Both Nazism and Bolshevism-Stalinism which were the main movements in Europe at this time and are all forms of fascism which emphasizes on the power of the state over the citizens. A significant characteristic of these movements is racism in which each state believed in being occupied by only those who were of its race hence eliminating those who belonged to different races or had different practices than were contrary to the ideologies of the ruling government. The most affected race in Europe was the Jewish. The rise of totalitarianism in Europe can therefore be solely attributed to fascism. References Gardner, H. , Kleiner, S. Mamiya, C. , (2005). Gardners Art Through The Ages: The Western Perspective. Sidney: Cengage Learning. Griffiths, R. (2005). Fascism second ed. New York, NY: Continuum International Publishing Group. Klaus Vondung, K. (2005). The Apocalypse in Germany, Columbia and London: Univ. of Missouri Press. Redles, D. (2005). Hitler’s Millennial Reich: Apocalyptic Belief and the Search for Salvation. New York, NY: New York Univ. Press. Worley, M. , Morgan, K. Laporte, N. , (2002). Bolshevism, Stalinism And The Comintern: Perspectives On Stalinization. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

Cng Crisis in Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Cng Crisis in Pakistan Essay Date: 18. 05. 2013 CHEMISTRY PAPER – II Max. Marks: 17 9:30 a. m. to 9:50 a. m. (Science Pre-Engineering Pre-Medical Groups) Time: 20 minutes SECTION ‘A’ (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS) – (M. C. Qs. ) NOTE: i) This section consists of 17 part questions and all are to be answered. Each question carries one mark. ii) Do not copy down the part questions in your answerbook. Write only the answer in full against the proper number of the question and its part. ii) The code number of your question paper is to be written in bold letters in the beginning of the answerscript. 1. Select the most appropriate answer for each from the given options: i) The atomic number of an element belonging to group VA and 3rd period is: * 7 * 13 * 15 * 23 ii) Elements of group IB are called: * Normal elements * Rare Earth metals * Coinage metals * Alkali metals iii) Hydride ion and Helium atom have the same: * number of protons * number of electrons * number of neutrons * valency iv) The number of neutrons in Protium is: * zero * 1 * 2 * 3 ) The element having the symbol ‘Ga’ belongs to this family: * Carbon * Nitrogen * Boron * Beryllium vi) On burning in excess of Oxygen, Sodium forms its: * superoxide * peroxide * monoxide * dioxide vii) A mixture of Aluminium nitrate and Aluminium powder is called: * Duralumin * Ammonal * Carnallite * Alum viii) Ca2B6O11. 5H2O is the chemical formula of: * Cryolite * Colemanite * Bauxite * Borax ix) The formula of Hypochlorous acid is: * HOCl * HClO2 * HClO3 * HClO4 x) The metal ion having the highest number of unpaired electrons is: * Mn? 2 * Fe? 2 * Co? 2 * Ni? 2 xi) The chemical name of laughing gas is: Nitric oxide * Nitrous oxide * Nitrogen trioxide * Nitrogen pentoxide xii) This has the minimum hydration energy: * Na+ * K + * Rb+ * Cs+ xiii) Cycloalkanes have the general formula: * C Hn n2 2? * C Hn n2 * C Hn n2 2? * C Hn n2 4? xiv) Glycogen is a: * Monosaccharide * Oligosaccharide * Polysaccharide * Disaccharide xv) This gas was used in the First World war: * Phosgene gas * Mustard gas * Coal gas * Ammonia gas xvi) The hybridization in the Carbon atom of Carbonyl group is: * sp * sp2 * sp 3 * d sp 2 3 xvii) All noble gases fulfill the Octet rule except: * Kr * Ne * He * Ar

Chevrolet brand analysis

Chevrolet brand analysis Arguably, some have continuously emphasized that Chevrolet might not have probably been started in the United States of America, but given its associated innovative linkage with the American giant car-making company General Motors. Although evidence has shown that his involvement in the auto manufacturing was very brief, Louis Chevrolet a Swiss-born, car race driver and also as entrepreneur, has practically lends his name to the millions of Chevrolet customers. Louis Chevrolet is said to be born in a town called La Chaux-de-Fondson, in Switzerland in the year 1878. As young as he was then, the man called Chevrolet had always had a strong passion for anything in automotive and was part of the good reasons that made him to excel in his auto mechanic work. Precisely in the year 1899, Chevrolet got a job to work for a car manufacturing company in Darracq, it was in this job that Chevrolet thoroughly got his automotive education specifically in the area of combustion engine. This interest ing job was seen as the opportunity that gave Chevrolet enough money that assisted him in immigrating to the North America. There in New York, the energetic humble man continued his experience in the automobile workshops in New York and also started to race many Buick cars. During this racing career, Chevrolet met William Durant, the known founder of the General Motors. After this unification, both Chevrolet and Durant formed the Chevrolet Motor Car firm, specifically in the year 1911. But this relationship wasnt long enough due to their individual creative differences. Notably in these differences is that Chevrolet was quoted as wanting to specialize in the high-end luxurious cars, but Durant on his own part wanted to continue his style of producing affordable cars that the common people could afford. After this discrepancy couldnt be resolved, Chevrolet ad to eventually sell his own interest and shares in the Chevrolet company to Durant in the year 1913. Notable among the brands that Chevrolet offered to its customers are the pickup trucks, midsized Bel Air, truck based vehicle for Suburban passengers, panel vans, Camaro, Impala and Malibu, etc. Below is a picture of one of the earliest Chevrolet cars: 2.0 Executive Summary This case analysis practically presents a detailed and comprehensive look at operations of Chevrolet brands, specifically the Daewoo GM brands on their European brand policies, market analysis and the internal and external core competencies. A glance at the coming reports shows that the case analysis is divided into five (5) sections, with the first section talking about the marketing situational analysis of Chevrolet Daewoo Europe brands, starting with brief introduction of GM and Chevrolet alliances. Internal and external analyzes of Chevrolets current situational analysis and its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Section two talked about the identification and definition of currents problems as it affects Daewoo European brand and the likely impact that this Midas group could positive have on it. Section three concentrates on the generation of alternative solutions that could help in solving the problem. Section four is more on the evaluative procedures of the newl y generated alternatives. Section Five spoke on the recommendations from the Midas group and how they have successfully arrived at those alternative recommendations. Section six is on implementations procedures and the basic requirements for successful implementations. Section seven conclude and gave a brief description of the case study reports. Importantly, under the core competence explanations this case study critically describe those competence strategy that Daewoo Europe possesses, its value chain analysis in Europe and the combined SWOT analysis that will assist in creating the needed essential strategic policy recommendations that will positively positioned GM Chevrolet and Daewoo Europe in this vise global competitions. In presenting these core strengths, necessary examples were given as they relate to GM, Chevrolet and Daewoo European markets ad competitors strengths. To better achieved the desired results; the Midas group primarily concentrate on areas on improvements in product development and related technology and engineering processes that might influence Daewoo brands image in Europe. However, the abilities that could helped the Midas brand team to achieving the corporate target that was given to them includes but not limited to the threats and some crippling internal product weaknesses that arise from competitive costs that requires GM strategic attention. The team realized that GM needs to reposition itself as the company that has global innovative strength to compete with its competitors. Especially in Europe the team realized that Daewoo brands have continually been plagued with many issues including ranging from lack of internal cost control and managements shortsighted strategies. To effectively reactivate this, part of the teams suggestion is that GM Chevrolet brands in Europe need to close the existing gap that is between the reliabi lity of its products perception and its actual market innovations and quality for its vehicles. The company was advised to involve all its staffs to be more dedicated on products excellence in every units of its operations rather than involving in a slow and bureaucratic type of decision making. Finally, the identified that Chevrolet Europe need to critically redefined its concentration on issues that affects its Europe markets core competencies and how it could be repositioned to suit General Motors Corporation Global strategies, this they believe will ensures that Chevrolet Europe and GM in general will remain a very viable and good contender in this ever changing automobile industry. 3.0 Situational Analysis 3.1 External environmental analysis 3.1.1 General environmental analysis In this case, Europe is the largest passenger car producer in the world. Of the 42 million passenger cars produced worldwide in 2003, 41 percent were produced in Europe. Western Europe alone accounted for 36 percent of worldwide passenger car production. Europe is also the global leader in new passenger car registrations, representing 43 percent of all new passenger car registrations worldwide. (Exhibit 1) 3.1.2 Industry Analysis The European passenger car industry distribute Five Western Europe countries-Germany, the UK, Italy, France, and Spain-recorded about 74 percent of new European passenger car registrations in 2003. New passenger car registrations in 2003 increased 0.6 percent over 2002. This increase followed two consecutive years of declining new car registrations. Total new passenger car registrations in Europe in 2003 were 4.4 percent lower than 2000 registrations. Industry analysts in Europe were forecasting a 1 to 2 percent annual increase in new car registrations for 2004 and 2005. (Exhibit 1) 3.1.3 Market Analysis From this case, as we know, the Europe passenger car market is highly competitive. Some 20 automakers offer more than 50 brands in over 200 models. Eight automakers are prominent in Europe: the Volkswagen Group, the Peugeot Group, Renault, Ford, GM, Fiat Group, DaimlerChrysler, and BMW. These automakers commanded 83.9 percent of new passenger car unit sales in 2003. Nine brands marketed by these eight automakers accounted for 69.2 percent of new passenger car unit sales in 2003. The European passenger car market is typically described by car size and body type. Small cars( including microvans and compacts) have an interior volume under 3.12 cubic meters and are referred to as city cars or small family cats. Medium-size cars have an interior volume between 3.12 and 3.40 cubic meters and are called large family cars. Executive cars are defined as a passenger car larger than a large family car, but not SUV. Small cars accounted for 34.2 percent and medium-size cars accounted for 46.1 percent of annual new passenger car registrations across Europe in 2003 with only modest differences between countries in Western and Central Europe. In general, European passenger car buyers tend to perceive automakers and brands on the basis of national origin and manufacture. The largest European automakers have strong national identifications. To German-based companies, German brands stand for quality and technology. To France-based companies, French brands stand for innovation and comfort. To Italian-based companies, Italian brands stand for style, but suspect quality. As a further generalization, European automakers brands evidence prominent market shares in the countries for which they are strong identified. Finally, European car buyers also have distinct perceptions of cars and service based on continent of origin, namely, Europe, America, and Asia. (Exhibit 3) 4.0 Internal Environment Analysis 4.1 Evaluation of the Mission and Evaluation of the Objectives In this case study, the brand strategy manager Barbara Riibel was charged with the responsibility of convening a group called the Project Midas marketing group mainly in the early part of year 2004. The primary purpose of this group gathering together was to brainstorm and craft out a strategic positioning state ­ment on how to positively position the Chevrolet brands in Europe. Very important is that this marketing team has to engage this task without changing the existing Daewoo GM product lines, Daewoo model characteristics, existing GM retail prices, European dealer practices, or the existing distribution channels. This Midas marketing group has to specifically design for Chevrolet a new saleable brand positioning strategy upon which the European market could be expanded. Importantly, the current Daewoo brand positioning in Europe has been confirmed as having a unique situation and tactical challenges that demand urgent response. Doing this will require this team to strategically think on how to re-specify the current Daewoo brand positing without having to ordinarily change or halt the existing product lines. They are required to carry on with the existing product models, and also maintain the same types of dealers with their current operating policies and practices. Meanwhile, based on the current news from European car industry, Daewoo markets and consumers insights research have been left unattended to for a long duration prior to the initiation of this Project Midas team. Finally, the primary task of the Midas team is to create strategies that will resonate the European car buyers; and put in place policies and strategies that will complement the known General Motors global image through its multi-brand portfolios in the mind of European buyers; and finally to implement branding strategies that will assist the Daewoo Europe to be consistent with the global perceptions of GM and in particular the Chevrolet brands. 4.2 Evaluation of the Functional Areas Europe is the second largest global regional market for GM Corporation after North America. About one-fifth of total company unit sales are derived from Europe. GM in Europe reported net sales and revenues of U.S. $27.5 billion in 2003 compared to U.S. $23.9 billion in 2002. Financial stability returned to the brand in late 2002 following the formation of GM Daewoo Auto Technology and GM Daewoo Europe. Unit sales increased to 132,200 passenger cars in 2003. A sizeable portion of this sales gain came from southeast European countries. In this case, the GM Corporation has three main passenger car brands; they were Opel/Vauxhall, Saab, and GM Daewoo. Opel/Vauxhall accounted for 87.1 percent of GM Europe unit sales in 2003. This brand is sold in 30 European countries (the Vauxhall brand is sold exclusively in the UK) and features 16 models in the small, compact, and medium-size car segments. Saab registered 4.5 percent of GM Europe unit sales in 2003. The Saab brand is sold in 33 European countries and features two models in the medium-size car segment. GM Daewoo represented 8 percent of GM Europe unit sales in 2003. This brand is sold in 32 European countries and features six models, five in the small/compact car segment and one in the medium-size car segment. Chevrolet Human Resources department campaign and they realized that there are succeeding in cutting bureaucracy and problem-solving on the spot because they tried to incorporate 7,000 Go Fast workshops, savings of $500+ million. Chevrolet wins the award for general excellence in Workforce Management Optimums in 2004 they campaign in order to turn managers into strategic partners. The centralization that cut across GM give room for talented people in organization to rise to the top 180% they also double the number of women at the top 450 they introduced globally standard training program. 4.3 Evaluation of Marketing Strategies The Chevrolet brand was virtually unknown among European car buyers in early 2004. Research in Europe indicated that less than 1 percent of European car buyers were aware of the Chevrolet brand name and bowtie logo. From this case, we can see the European passenger car market is traditionally segmented on the basis of car owner social status and value orientation across national boundaries. The traditional blue collar segments include skilled blue-collar workers who are flexible in their brand selection and willing to spend money on cars. This segment represents 12 percent of car owners. The GM Chevrolet brand is identified with the smaller lower middle class in this segment. Because Chevrolet is new brand to European people, so, it target market is lower middle class. 4.3.1 Product Development Strategies The product development was Successful in engineering from decentralized structures with eleven (11) different engineering centers in US to formed one globally integrated products development organization. The On Star pioneering dramatically developed two new technologies in 2009 with pilot program, MapQuest and the On Star Stolen Vehicle Slowdown Service. 4.3.2 Pricing Strategies In this case, we can see the Chevrolet brand implement low price policy. For example, the Matiz car price from 8,000 to 10,300 and car type of Kalos price from 10,000 to 12,500. However, the Chevrolet brand car quality is not very good. The customer satisfaction was given more concentration in 2006 and this is done increasing the campaign of dealer customer service satisfaction. 2. In 2008 Chevrolet attained to the second of top 3 spots in J.D. Power survey on customer satisfaction related to dealership work, the Chevrolet attained these honor of all 8 brands above industry average. 4.3.3 SWOT ANALYSIS Strength The GM Chevrolet has a large scale in its company operations which primarily includes its over 21,000 General Motorss dealerships worldwide. Its current growing businesses especially in Latin America and Asia Pacific regions are very high and profitable. These among many other strengths formed the basis upon which it practically benchmarked its quality and cost improvements processes via outsourcing with those companies that are highly skillful in those processes. Only in 2006 Chevrolet recorded an increased of about 25% of the parts that were used in its US assembled cars parts came from the overseas plants. Very good among the company that Chevrolet associated with was Cerberus, a relationship that eventually leads to better improvements for Chevrolets operations. Chevrolets value pricing strategy, a policy that involves eliminating those frequent incentives program that were used in the past also generate high profit improvement through cost reductions. Chevrolet radical policies in its products development processes also assisted it in better recognitions. Importantly, only in 2007 it spent $8.1B for research and development, manufacturing and redesigning engineering, products development engineering, designs and other developmental activities. Record also shows that Chevrolet recorded the highest in the annual car productivity improvements among all the automakers between 1999 and 2004 making it the fourth largest producers of cars in the world. Chevrolet associations with the noble On Star communications, an automotive industrys leader in telemetric provisions and the control of electronic stability was also another huge success for the GM brands. The appoint of new management teams has also helped Chevrolet and GM in general to be able to establish new strategies that uplifts it organizational culture and better source of funding. Chevrolet ability to rise in the credit ratings of GMAC was also a big plus that has positively uplifted its global image. Chevrolet and GM management policies of depending on only one globally based budgeting and decision making processes has strategically assisted in its ability to long term operational efficiency. The stability in Chevrolet could also be attributed to the companys policy of solely depending on US engineering companies. Its ability in forming strategic alliance with companies such as Daewoo, Fiat, SAIC, Isuzu, Suzuki, Saab, and the AvtoVaz, has tremendously lead to the high education it got on global entrances. Last but not the least is that GM brands were able to strongly captured the majority of US market share. Weakness Decreasing in the value of market share was a major issue that Daewoo brands was facing in Europe as at 2004, eventually eroding its sales to a ground level of about 23% loss in market share. Due to this continuous loss in market shares, Daewoo eventually increase the level of debts that was hanging on GM brands. This issue of debts is outside the problems that are arising from the resale values that accrue to Daewoo from rents of fleets, and other corporation usage. Similarly while the company was trying to increase its incentive programs, it noticed its market perceived value greatly depressed. Other cost related issues that faced the company includes sudden increase in staffs health care cost and retirees benefits claims. Its Europe work force was also at the verge of Ageing in population. Some of the internal causes are not even that major, but what about issues of poor quality performances of Daewoo products in Europe markets. These quality performance problems led to the recall s of many cars, further declining the companys financial performance. Many experts including Midas team also argued on issues arising from pricing strategies, unwarranted vertical integrations that was implemented by the company due to the managements abuse of government assistance and over attachment to bureaucratic culture. Opportunity Most among the many opportunities that GM brands got includes the recent increase in the demand by consumers for the modern electric, hybrid or hydrogen cars that are produced with cells. The potential markets for the new products are estimated to be about 4.5M units that will be purchased in the year 2013. The recent increase in its level of technological development of cars as also put GM brands over its major competitors. GMs ability in utilizing viable global designs through its dynamic engineers that have been putting their talents together has helped the company in reducing its brands lifecycles and achieving lower costs with higher qualities. Also GM has started a new policy of engaging in new individual products brand positioning strategies that will help it in distinguishing its most known eight vibrant brands globally. The company has also started building new opportunities via a strong positive consumer confidence in the brands by expanding its markets to the most profitab le emerging markets globally. It has also started forming strategic alliances with best companies On-Star system, Apple or Google etc. Recently the global corporate management of GM have also announces its decisions to produce new types of model styles in its series of brands. This they said is prior to the knowledge that they got from joint ventures that they did with Toyota. Threats The unending increases in the prices of raw materials and transportation costs between 2007 till date have serious negative impact on GMs ability to expand its operations. The effects of the global financial crisis have also led to the decline in customer demands for GM products. The continuous increase in pension debts and the sudden decline in infrastructural spending by the USA economy have also negative impact of the future development of Daewoo Europe, Chevrolet and overall brands of GM. The recent in global increase in other countries currency valuation against the US dollars has led to serious high cost of exportation, and if not properly managed, this may further jeopardize the company future hope. The existence of foreign firms like Toyota, Peugeot, etc that are manufacturing in the United States and in Canada potentially threatens the future survival of GM brands. Major GM competitors like Toyota and Honda is said to have a better perceived value in terms of reputation in better product qualities if compared with GM brands. Some recent legal suits against GM brands also threaten its current positive images around the world. Complains against the Chinese producers lack of the required intellectual property rights as astringed by government and its major competitors is a major concern for the GM management. The need to probably eliminate some of its fleets due to recent increase in environmental requirements is another major future concern for the management of GM. The legislation and regulations by the US Federal law makers on emission standards are also major issues of concern for the GM management to urgently attend to. Below is exhibit 11 that aptly captured the SWOT analysis of Daewoo Europe: 5.0 Identification of Problem/Opportunities Evidence from the automobile industry has shown that despite the overwhelming large scale levels of operations that the GM Company has, still the company is said to have series of many areas of concerns which required immediate attention for it to be able to sustain its long and short term values for its customers, stakeholders and the shareholders. Very important is that in 1999 the known Daewoo Motor group of Companies was declared as being bankruptcy mainly because of its heavy debt that has burden its capability. Over the next two years, the company lost its momentum in Europe as well as other markets. Financial difficulties and an inconsistent marketing strat ­egy across Europe eroded unit sales in 2001 and 2002. Product issues remained in the development and quality arena while its car prices had increased. No significant marketing initiatives had been undertaken and brand advertising was limited. According to one General Motors executive at the time, GM Daewoos image is still the seller of cheap imported products. We need to focus on the strengths of the brand and avoid selling on price. This loss is the result of poor product quality, lack of consumer appeal, lag in alternative fuel technologies, inefficient plant production, and a saturation of similar car models amongst their brands. Due to these factors, consumer perception has plagued the companys sales, resulting in a steady decrease in market share across all platforms. 6.0 Development of Strategic Alternatives A critical analyzes of the case study reports revealed that the reports primarily explored what specific potentials that the GM Daewoo customers might probably want from any type of car brands. The findings revealed that GM Daewoo European customers mainly want a reliable brand that will go out of its know culture and bring for them a product that is very distinctive in quality, value and durability. In such all what the EU Daewoo customers want is reliability of a brand. Their major concern for this is that they generally believe that as car buyers they have their independent rights in expecting the best from a brand that they will buy with their hard earned income. What mainly forms this notion is that the potential customers of GM Daewoo are anticipating a brand that would deceive or stereotype perceptions. Rather, what they want is a type of brands that would positively embrace and engage their individual desire and personal expressions for the brands. GM Daewoo Positioning Study: Based on the outcomes of the Midas team that was headed by Barbara Riibel, who happen to be the brand strategy manager for EU markets. The Midas group conducted their study with 35 consumer they called the focus groups in five major European countries. Under this heading, they have six positioning strategies and concepts to be tested. These concept terms includes Smart, Easy, Honest, Peoples Car, Spontaneous and the Challenger. For each of these concept terms, the Midas team identified some target insights, the attached emotional benefits, the expected functional benefits, and the expected brand attitude. For visual perusal of the outcomes of their findings, below is Exhibit 12 which noted the strengths and the weaknesses of each strategy. However, the Midas team strongly suggested that the Chevrolet Daewoo Europe company should emphatically adopt the Challenger concept as its first choice. Next to the Challenger strategy is the Smart as the second choice . Although this case analysis shows that no action was eventually taken on the outcomes of the teams findings because of issues surrounding brand conversions from the GM Daewoo to that of Chevrolet Daewoo. 7.0 Evaluations of the Strategic Alternatives From this case, as we know, one of the Chevrolet main plans is product reliability; this involved the consumer perception and production facilities. All products throughout GM indicate a quality assurance problem and it lack quality control systems. almost half of GMs models are said to be below average in reliability. This research recommends that Chevrolet should continue to expand on its successful, Go Fast internal campaign that kills the slow, bureaucratic process which were disclose as a fundamental weakness in the SWOT analysis. Therefore, the GoFast program is a single designed introduce to fix a problem on the spot to be able to destroyed future meetings. In March 2004, Chevrolet recovers savings of over $500 million from the implementation of GoFast. Research shows that Chevrolet is know for a history of cars leaving their plants with unaddressed problems in order to reduce the number of reported defects. There are series of report like inadequate seatbelts, faulty brakes a nd missing bolts. Recent there is a lawsuit; this involved downgraded report on vehicles since 2005. Chevrolet tried to introduce a kind of more quality check points in the production with an open platform for the employee to show their concerns and make ensure each vehicle produced is flawless. The consumer have more interest in residual value when they buy a car or when leasing it out and it most be noted that American cars have not go to the level of top ten for Kelly Blue Book resale value in many years. Chevrolet posted lower resale values for some years because of its overproducing of vehicles to gain market share. By so doing, less attention was given to high quantity instead its builds high quality small vehicles, in order words inefficient SUVs. Was opposed, in 2007 only one out of the Chevrolet company car received a reliable rating, this was published by consumer Reports. And also the Chevrolet cars were rated two lowest reliable cars. The Chevrolet cars was demanded to reduce, so the company car was devalue and they have to sells many cars to rental fleets, and this further undermined the GM vehicles resale value. Chevrolet further continue to reduces the cars prices by given high discounts, this problem destroyed on the face of their customer and also tarnished customer perception and affect resale value. The Japanese that are automakers and the leaders in reliability ratings, the Chevrolet should used the strengths of these Japanese companies to form a competitive parity and competitive advantage. The fuel-efficient vehicles are a reliable segment of the automotive market reported by the Consumer Report tests. The Hybrid and high MPG models these includes Honda Fit, Smart ForTwo Scion xD,and Toyota Yaris all these cars was able to earned above average predicted reliability rating. Chevrolet strategies a way to introduce or develop more fuel-efficient vehicles, that will bring back or encourage the consumer perception of its product reliability. This research recommend that Chevrolet should do something to over come the weak consumer perception through implementing public relations and advertising campaign, Chevrolet must show the customer that the company has overcome the problems of the past and confused them the problem have been fixed and taken care of, the company needs to show that they have improved in reliability within consumer reports. 8.0 Recommendations and Implementations Looking at the analyzing make from the internal structures GM through some case studies, company data, and good journal article, to maintain long team growth and stability they must address many things in the company. Chevrolet must look in to consolidating its brand portfolio. Will be a great success for the company in order to gain market share and build a stronger brand image. In this case, Chevrolet Europe must address how to make customers more confidence in their products, to increased investment in advertising, because this case we can see increased advertising investment can make their own brand awareness higher, greater, and in increased advertising investment at the same time, their products must carry out strict quality control, because the quality is the life of a product, there is no guarantee of product quality is no way out. Furthermore, should do their Chevrolet brand in Europe customers attach great importance to product quality and product positioning, product positioning if a very accurate, then the product will get customers of all ages. Finally, the Chevrolet company should launch a new product, the entire European car market and car manufacturers to do the survey, so that you can identify the market demand, accurate positioning of the product price, to win the European market.

Joseph Stalin Essay -- essays research papers

Joseph Stalin was a Georgian Marxist revolutionary leader and later dictator of the USSR. He was born in Gori, Georgia. He studied at Tiflis Orthodox where he was expelled from in 1899. After joining a Georgian Social Democratic organization in 1898, he became active in a revolutionary underground, and he was twice sent to Siberia. As a leading Bolshevik he played an active role in the October Revolution. In 1922, he became general secretary of the Party Central Committee, a position that he held until the day of his death. Stalin also occupied other key positions, which enabled him to build up enormous personal power in the government. This is a key point in Stalin’s life where he was enormously confident about himself which led him to do things that were no acceptable in today’s standard life. After the death of Vladimir I. Lenin in 1924 Stalin became leader of the Soviet Union where he made many changes to agriculture and industry. He believed that the Soviet Union w as one hundred years behind the West and that they had to catch up as quickly as possible. This is where the idea of his "Five Year Plan," came about. The five-year plan basically got the people involved and motivated them into a modern life. From the 5-year plan, 25 million farms were produced which were only big enough to feed the families that were harvesting them. The more successful peasants were called the Kulaks. Along with the five-year plan, Stalin launched a campaign for the &q...

Illusion in Madame Butterfly Essay -- David Henry Hwang Gender Sexuali

Illusion in M. Butterfly In David Henry Hwang's play M. Butterfly we are introduced to Rene Gallimard who has unknowingly been sexually involved with another man for twenty years. The idea of mistaken gender within the play causes the reader to question how could one mistake his/her lover's gender for so long? In Rene Gallimard's search for self-identity he ignorantly chooses illusion over reality. Hwang effectively uses the opera Madame Butterfly by Giacomo Puccini as a framework to mold the main character, Rene Gallimard. Gallimard longs to be like the hero in Madame Butterfly, Benjamin Franklin Pinkerton, who dominates and possesses a beautiful Asian woman. Within the drama Gallimard concedes that he is not very attractive and that he hasn't always been popular amongst the ladies. Gallimard states "We, who are not handsome, nor brave, nor powerful, yet somehow believe like Pinkerton, that we deserve a Butterfly"(747). Obviously Gallimard is not happy with himself or his life so he goes in search for his Butterfly or more importantly a new identity. Gallimard thinks he ...

The Women’s Army Corps of the Vietnam War :: Vietnam War Essays

The Women’s Army Corps of the Vietnam War We went to a foreign country in service of our country . . . we gave aid and encouragement to a whole segment of our brothers and sisters . . . we survived a war . . . we are noble . . . we are brave . . . we are adventurous . . . we are an active part of world history . . . we are interesting . . . we have lived such exciting lives . . . we have gone far beyond the boundaries allowed to most of our sisters . . . we did it together . . . and we still have each other. Patricia â€Å"Mama-san† Brimeyer, Army Service Clubs, Vietnam 1968.[1] Introduction Male soldiers have a distinct voice when they speak of war. Jonathan Shay, M.D., Ph.D., author of Achilles in Vietnam, can best explain the voice of a male soldier. Dr. Shay creates a system that explains how and why male soldiers react to war in the ways they do. Dr. Shay’s system is based on the story of Achilles in Homer’s epic The Iliad. The focus of the system is to compare the reactions of Achilles’ soldiers to war, with the American male soldiers’ reactions to the Vietnam War. Dr. Shay’s system is based on eleven stages:  ·Betrayal of â€Å"what’s right†  ·The shrinkage of the social and moral horizon  ·Grief at the death of a special comrade  ·Guilt and wrongful substitution  ·The berserk  ·Dishonoring the enemy  ·What Homer left out (other obvious similarities)  ·The soldiers’ luck and God’s will  ·Reclaiming the Iliad’s gods as a metaphor of social power  ·The breaking points of moral existence  ·Healing and tragedy During stage one, the betrayal of â€Å"what’s right†, the soldier’s moral world is violated by a commanding officer’s betrayal of the soldier’s moral order.[2] During the Vietnam War American soldiers experienced the betrayal of â€Å"what’s right† when those who held all of the power and responsibility broke the trust of the soldiers. Stage two, the shrinkage of the social and moral horizon, refers to the breaking of a soldier’s family, civilian, and military ties. The social bonds of a soldier are lost once war begins, sometimes culminating in the complete alienation of the soldier from any bonds, social or military. Grief at the death of a special comrade, stage three, is when a fellow soldier is killed and his fellow troop members are overwhelmed by the sadness his death. The Women’s Army Corps of the Vietnam War :: Vietnam War Essays The Women’s Army Corps of the Vietnam War We went to a foreign country in service of our country . . . we gave aid and encouragement to a whole segment of our brothers and sisters . . . we survived a war . . . we are noble . . . we are brave . . . we are adventurous . . . we are an active part of world history . . . we are interesting . . . we have lived such exciting lives . . . we have gone far beyond the boundaries allowed to most of our sisters . . . we did it together . . . and we still have each other. Patricia â€Å"Mama-san† Brimeyer, Army Service Clubs, Vietnam 1968.[1] Introduction Male soldiers have a distinct voice when they speak of war. Jonathan Shay, M.D., Ph.D., author of Achilles in Vietnam, can best explain the voice of a male soldier. Dr. Shay creates a system that explains how and why male soldiers react to war in the ways they do. Dr. Shay’s system is based on the story of Achilles in Homer’s epic The Iliad. The focus of the system is to compare the reactions of Achilles’ soldiers to war, with the American male soldiers’ reactions to the Vietnam War. Dr. Shay’s system is based on eleven stages:  ·Betrayal of â€Å"what’s right†  ·The shrinkage of the social and moral horizon  ·Grief at the death of a special comrade  ·Guilt and wrongful substitution  ·The berserk  ·Dishonoring the enemy  ·What Homer left out (other obvious similarities)  ·The soldiers’ luck and God’s will  ·Reclaiming the Iliad’s gods as a metaphor of social power  ·The breaking points of moral existence  ·Healing and tragedy During stage one, the betrayal of â€Å"what’s right†, the soldier’s moral world is violated by a commanding officer’s betrayal of the soldier’s moral order.[2] During the Vietnam War American soldiers experienced the betrayal of â€Å"what’s right† when those who held all of the power and responsibility broke the trust of the soldiers. Stage two, the shrinkage of the social and moral horizon, refers to the breaking of a soldier’s family, civilian, and military ties. The social bonds of a soldier are lost once war begins, sometimes culminating in the complete alienation of the soldier from any bonds, social or military. Grief at the death of a special comrade, stage three, is when a fellow soldier is killed and his fellow troop members are overwhelmed by the sadness his death.

Proposed Technique for Sidelobes Suppression

Chapter 4 PROPOSED TECHNIQUE FOR SIDELOBES SUPPRESSION As seen in old chapters, there are many sidelobes suppression techniques proposed but most of these proposed sidelobe suppression techniques are non good balanced between the complexness and public presentation. The available techniques have their ain advantages and disadvantages in footings of design, execution or may impact the other factors which consequences in hapless overall efficiency. So in this thesis work we are suggesting Correlative cryptography as another sidelobes one of the suppression method which can be utilized for cut downing the sidelobes power significantly. Before that, allow us see some basic thought about correlativity cryptography. So far, we have considered the inter symbol intervention as an inauspicious happening which produces a debasement in the system public presentation. Undeniably, its name itself describes a nuisance consequence. However, by adding inter symbol intervention to the familial signal in a controlled or known mode, it is possible to accomplish a spot rate of 2B0spots per second in a channel of bandwidth B0Hz. These techniques are calledcorrelate cryptographyorpartial-responsesignaling techniques. Since, correlate cryptography strategy is based on the sum of ISI introduced into familial signal. So, the sum of ISI in familial signal is known. The consequence of this ISI can be compensated at the receiving system from the known measure of the ISI.Duobinary signalingThe basic thought of correlate cryptography will now be illustrated by sing the specific illustration of duobinary signaling, where â€Å"duo† implies duplicating of the transmittal capacity of a consecutive double star system. See a binary input sequence { BK} dwelling of uncorrelated binary figures each holding continuance TBseconds, with symbol 1 represented by a pulsation of amplitude +1 V, and symbol O by a pulsation of amplitu de -1 V. When this sequence is applied to a duobinary encoder, it is converted into three-level end product, viz. , -2, 0 and +2 Vs. To bring forth this transmutation, we may utilize the strategy shown in figure 4.1. Figure 4.1: Duobinary signaling strategy. The binary sequence { BK} is first passed through a simple filter affecting a individual hold component. For every unit impulse applied to the input of this filter, we get two unit impulse spaced TBseconds apart at the filter end product. We may therefore show the figure degree CelsiusKat duobinary programmer end product as the amount of the present binary figure BKand its old value Bk-1, as shown by CK=bK+bk-1— — — — — — – ( 17 ) One of the effects of the transmutation describe by ( 17 ) is to alter the input sequence { BK} of uncorrelated binary figures into a sequence { degree CelsiusK} of correlative figures. This correlativity between the next familial degrees may be viewed as presenting intersymbol intervention into the familial signal in an unreal mode. However, this inter symbol intervention is under the designer’s control, which is the footing of correlate cryptography. An ideal hold component, bring forthing a hold of TBseconds, has the transportation map exp ( -j2?fTB) , so that the transportation map of the simple filter shown in figure 18 is 1+exp ( -j2?fTB) . Hence, the overall transportation map of this filter connected in cascade with the ideal channel Hydrogendegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) is H ( degree Fahrenheit ) = Hdegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) [ 1+ exp ( -j2?fTB) ] = Hdegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) [ exp ( j?fTB) + exp ( – j?fTB) ] exp ( -j?fTB) = 2 Hdegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) cos ( ?fTB) exp ( – j?fTB )— — — — — — ( 18 ) For an ideal channel of bandwidth B0=RB/2, we have Hydrogendegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) = — — — — — — – ( 19 ) Therefore the overall frequence response has the signifier of a half-cycle cosine map, as shown by Hydrogendegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) = — — — — — — – ( 20 ) For which the amplitude response and stage response are as shown in figure 4.2 ( a ) and figure 4.2 ( B ) , severally. An advantage of this frequence response is that it can be easy approximated in pattern. Figure 4.2: frequence response of duobinary transition filter The corresponding value of the impulse response consists of two sinc pulsations, clip displayed by TBseconds, as shown by ( except for a scaling factor ) — — — — — – ( 21 ) Which is shown aforethought in figure 4.3.We see that the overall impulse response H ( T ) has merely two distinguishable value at the trying blink of an eyes. Figure 4.3: Impulse response of duobinary transition filter. The original informations { BK} may be detected from the duobinary-coded sequence { degree CelsiusK} by deducting the old decoded binary figure from the presently received digit degree CelsiussKin conformity with equation ( 17 ) . Specifically, allowing bI‚Kstand for the estimation of the original binary figure BKas conceived by the receiving system at clip t equal to kTB, we have bI‚K= cK– bI‚k-1— — — — — — ( 22 ) It is evident that if degree CelsiussKis received without mistake and if besides the old estimation bI‚k-1at clip t= ( k-1 ) ThymineBcorresponds to a right determination, so the current estimation bI‚Kwill be right excessively. The technique of utilizing a stored estimation of the old symbol is called determination feedback. We observe that the sensing process merely described is basically an opposite of the operation of the simple filter at the sender. However, a drawback of this sensing procedure is that one time mistakes are made, they tend to propagate. This is due to the fact that a determination on the current binary figure BKdepends on the rightness of the determination made on the old binary figure Bk-1. A practical agency of avoiding this mistake extension is to utilize precoding before the duobinary cryptography, as shown in fig 6.11. The precoding operation performed on the input binary sequence { BK} converts it into another binary sequence { aK} defined by aK= BK+ ak-1modulo-2 — — — — — – ( 23 ) Modulo-2 add-on is tantamount to the exclusive-or operation. An exclusive-or gate operates as follows. The end product of an exclusive-or gate is a 1 if precisely one input is a 1: otherwise, the end product is a 0. The ensuing precoder end product { aK} is following applied to the duobinary programmer, thereby bring forthing the sequence { degree CelsiusK} that is related to { aK} as follows: degree CelsiussK= aK+ ak-1— — — — — ( 24 ) Note that unlike the line drive operation of duobinary cryptography, the precoding is a nonlinear operation. We assume that symbol 1 at the precoder end product in figure 4.4 is represented by +1 V and symbol 0 by -1 V. Figure 4.4: A precoded duobinary strategy. Therefore, from equation ( 22 ) and ( 23 ) , we find that CK=  ±2 Vs, if BKis represented by symbol 0 0 Vs, if BKis represented by symbol 1 — — — — — ( 25 ) From equation ( 25 ) we deduce the undermentioned determination regulation for observing the original input binary sequence { BK} from { degree CelsiusK} : BK= Symbol 0 if |cK| & A ; gt ; 1 V Symbol 1 if |cK| & A ; lt ; 1 V — — — — – ( 26 ) Harmonizing to equation ( 26 ) , the decipherer consists of a rectifier, the end product of which is compared to a threshold of 1 V, and the original binary sequence { BK} is thereby detected. A block diagram of the sensor is shown in figure 4.5. A utile characteristic of this sensor is that no cognition of any input sample other than the present one is required. Hence, mistake extension can non happen in the sensor of figure 4.5. Figure 4.5: Detector for retrieving original binary sequence from the precoded duobinary programmer end product.Modified Duobinary signalingThe modified duobinary technique involves a correlativity span of two binary figures. This is achieved by deducting input binary figures spaced 2TBseconds apart, as indicated in the block diagram of figure 4.6. The end product of the modified duobinary transition filter is related to the sequence { aK} at its input as follows: degree CelsiussK= aK– ak-2— — — — — ( 27 ) Figure 4.6: Modified duobinary signaling strategy. Here, once more, we find that a three degree signal is generated. If aK=  ±1 V, as assumed antecedently, degree CelsiussKtakes on one of three values: 2, 0, and -2 Vs. The overall transportation map of the tapped-delay-line filter connected in cascade with the ideal channel, as in figure 4.6, is given by H ( degree Fahrenheit ) = Hdegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) [ 1- exp ( -j4?fTB) ] = 2j Hdegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) wickedness ( 2?fTB) exp ( – j2?fTB) — — — — — – ( 28 ) Where Hdegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) is as define in equation ( 19 ) . We, hence, have an overall frequence response in the signifier of half-cycle sine map, as shown by H ( degree Fahrenheit ) =2j wickedness ( 2?fTB) exp ( -j2?fTB) |degree Fahrenheit| ? RoentgenB/2 0 otherwise — — — — — – ( 29 ) The corresponding amplitude response and stage response of the modified duobinary programmer are shown in figure 4.7 ( a ) and 4.7 ( B ) , severally. Amplitude responsePhase responseFigure 4.7: Frequency response of modified duobinary transition filter. The impulse response of the modified duobinary programmer consists of two sinc pulsations that are time-displaced by 2TBseconds, as shown by ( except for a scaling factor ) — — — — — – ( 30 ) This impulse response is plotted in figure 4.8, which shows that it has three distinguishable degrees at the trying blink of an eyes. Figure 4.8: Impulse response of modified duobinary transition filter In order to extinguish the possibility of mistake extension in the modified duobinary system, we use a precoding process similar to that used for duobinary instance. Specifically, prior to the coevals of the modified duobinary signal, a modulo-2 logical add-on is used on signals 2TBseconds apart, as shown by aK= BK+ ak-2modulo-2 — — — — — – ( 31 ) Where { BK} is the input binary sequence and { aK} is the sequence at the precoder end product. Note that modulo-2 add-on and modulo-2 minus are same. The sequence { aK} therefore produce is so applied to the modified duobinary transition filter. In instance of figure 4.6, the end product digit degree CelsiussKpeers 0, +2, or -2 Vs. Besides we find that BKcan be extracted from degree CelsiusKby ignoring the mutual opposition of degree CelsiusK, as was done with the duobinary technique. Specifically, we may pull out the original sequence { BK} at the receiving system utilizing the undermentioned determination regulation: BK= Symbol 0 if |cK| & A ; lt ; 1 V Symbol 1 if |cK| & A ; gt ; 1 V — — — — — ( 32 )Generalized signifier of Correlative CodingThe duobinary and modified duobinary techniques have correlativity spans of one binary figure and two binary figures, severally. It is consecutive frontward affair to generalise these two strategies to other strategies, which are known jointly as correlate cryptography strategies. This generalisation is shown in figure 4.9, where Hydrogendegree Celsiuss( degree Fahrenheit ) is defined in equation ( 18 ) . Figure 4.9: Generalized correlate cryptography strategy. It involves the usage of a tapped hold line filter with tap weights tungsten0tungsten1, ,tungsten2, w3†¦wN-1.Specifically, a correlate sample degree CelsiusKis obtained from a ace place of N consecutive input sample values bK, as shown by N-1 degree CelsiussK= ? tungstenNBk-n— — — — — — ( 33 ) n=0 Therefore by taking assorted combinations of whole number values for the tungstenN,we can obtain different signifiers of correlate coding strategies to accommodate single applications. For illustration, In duo-binary instance we have tungsten0= +1 tungsten1= +1 and tungstenN= 0 for n?2. In modified duo-binary instance we have tungsten0= +1 tungsten1= 0 tungsten2= -1 and tungstenN= 0 for n?3. Correlative cryptography is an efficient transmittal technique on bandlimited digital communications. Correlative cryptography introduces memory or correlativity to the transmitted informations watercourse in clip Domain, in a manner that the power spectrum of the transmitted bandlimited signal is shaped to exhibit gradual roll-off to band borders. This spectral belongings dramatically reduces the sum of inordinate intersymbol intervention at the receiving system when the symbol timing is non absolutely synchronized. Particularly, correlatively coded OFDM has been widely used to supply high grade of hardiness against deep slices, and is much more popularly known as pre-coded OFDM. Despite these abundant applications, correlate cryptography is ne'er used in OFDM for spectral defining. Correlative cryptography is adopted to determine the signal spectrum of the rectangular pulsed OFDM signals with an effort to accomplish high spectral concentration. Chapter 5 RESULT ANALYSIS Matrix Laboratory [ MATLAB ] is a imitating tool which is used to demo all the consequences. As we have discussed in the old subdivisions, ab initio we will bring forth an OFDM signal and look into the sidelobe degrees for the generated OFDM. An OFDM signal is generated for the figure of bearersNitrogenas 128 and using a BPSK transition strategy for transition. Figure 5.1: The generated OFDM signal The power spectrum methods like Periodogram and Welch’s method were ab initio carried out for spectral appraisal but the consequences of which were non satisfactory. So Multitaper spectral appraisal technique was used to bring forth the power spectrum of the OFDM signal. As we discussed in item about the multitaper spectrum analysis in subdivision 2.4.2, the stairss has been followed and the spectrum of OFDM is generated utilizing MATLAB package. Figure 5.2 illustrate the spectrum of above generated OFDM. Figure 5.2: PSD of the generated OFDM. As we discussed in the subdivision 4.1 and 4.2, the duobinry, modified duobinary cryptography is implemented. Figure 5.3 and 5.4 represent the duobinary coded OFDM and its PSD severally. Figure 5.5 and 5.6 represent the modified duobinary coded OFDM signal and its PSD severally. Figure 5.3: Duobinary coded OFDM signal. Figure 5.4: PSD of the duobinary coded OFDM signal. Figure 5.5: Modified duobinary coded OFDM signal. Figure 5.6: PSD of the modified duobinary coded OFDM signal. The figure 5.7 will exemplify the PSD comparing of all 3 PSD’s in a individual graph as follows. Figure 5.7: PSD comparing of OFDM, duobinary coded OFDM, Modified duobinary coded OFDM. 1